Phoebodus

Phoebodus Temporal range: Middle Devonian–Late Devonian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Life restoration of Phoebodus saidselachus
Teeth of various species of Phoebodus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Clade:	†Phoebodontiformes
Genus:	†Phoebodus St. John and Worthen 1875
Species
See text

Phoebodus is an extinct genus of phoebodontiform total group elasmobranch, known from over a dozen species found worldwide spanning the middle to late Devonian, making it one of the oldest known total group elasmobranchs.^[1][2] Most species are only known from their isolated tricuspid teeth, but one species, Phoebodus saidselachus from the Late Devonian of Morocco, is known from a complete skeleton, estimated to have been 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in total length in life, which shows that it had a slender body superficially similar to that of the living frilled shark. The teeth of Phoebodus and frilled sharks are also morphologically similar, and are designed for grasping prey. Phoebodus probably consumed small prey items that were capable of being swallowed whole.^[2]

Species

After Ivanov, 2021^[1]

• Phoebodus sophiae St. John & Worthen, 1875 (type). Australia, Iran, Mauritania, Poland, Spain, Portugal, United States (Indiana, Iowa, New York), Russia (Siberia). Middle Devonian (Givetian)
• Phoebodus fastigatus Ginter & Ivanov, 1992. Australia, Mauritania, Morocco, Russia (Urals), Poland, Spain, United States (New York, Iowa, Utah, Indiana). Middle-Late Devonian (Givetian-upper Frasnian)
• Phoebodus curvatus Ivanov, 2021. Russia (Urals), Poland, Australia. Middle-Late Devonian (upper Givetian-upper Frasnian)
• Phoebodus latus Ginter & Ivanov, 1995. Australia, Russia (Urals, Siberia), Poland, Iran. Middle-Late Devonian (latest Givetian-upper Frasnian)
• Phoebodus bifurcatus Ginter & Ivanov, 1992. Australia, China, Mauritania, Iran, Poland, Czechia, Belgium, United States (Utah), Russia (Urals). Late Devonian (upper Frasnian)
• Phoebodus typicus Ginter & Ivanov, 1995. Australia, Morocco, Iran, Russia (Urals, Siberia). Late Devonian (lower-mid Famennian), forms labelled P. cf. typicus occur in the middle Famennian of Belarus and Armenia, and the upper Famennian of Siberia
• Phoebodus rayi Ginter & Turner, 1999. Australia, Canada, Iran. Late Devonian (lower-mid Famennian), forms labelled P. cf. typicus occur in Iran and Lithuania, ranging into the early late Fammenian
• Phoebodus turnerae Ginter & Ivanov, 1992 Algeria, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium, Iran, Poland, Morocco, United States (Alaska). Late Devonian (Famennian)
• Phoebodus gothicus Ginter, 1990. Russia (Urals), Iran, Armenia, Algeria, Morocco, Germany, France, Poland, United States (Ohio, Utah, Iowa), south China. Late Devonian (Famennian)
• Phoebodus depressus Ginter, Hairapetian & Klug, 2002. Algeria. Late Devonian (lower-mid Famennian), P. cf. depressus is known from Iran
• Phoebodus saidselachus Frey et al. 2019. Morocco. Late Devonian (early-mid Famennian)
• Phoebodus limpidus Ginter, 1990. Italy, south China, Russia (Urals, North Caucasus), Morocco, Poland, France, Germany, United States (Nevada, Wyoming, Utah). Late Devonian (mid-upper Famennian)
• Phoebodus politus Newberry, 1889. United States (Ohio). Late Devonian (upper Famennian)

Supposed species in this genus from the Triassic, like "Phoebodus" brodiei, and "Phoebodus" keuperinus are now placed in the genus Keuperodus in the family Jalodontidae.^[3]

References

Further reading

• Brett Roelofs, Milo Barham, Arthur J. Mory, Kate Trinajstics (January 2016). "Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia". Palaeontologia Electronica. 19 (1): 1-28. doi:10.26879/583.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• v
• t
• e

Total group Chondrichthyes (including "acanthodians")

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata see Gnathostomata Chondrichthyes see below↓

Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes †Cassidiceps †Euthacanthus †Latviacanthus †Ramirosuarezia? †Sinacanthidae Hunanacanthus Neosinacanthus Sinacanthus Tarimacanthus †"Ischnacanthiformes" Acanthospina Campylodus Granulacanthus Machaeracanthus? Onchus Serradentus Acritolepidae Acritolepis Monospina Nerepisacanthus Pechoralepis Ischnacanthidae Arcticacanthus Arenaceacanthus Atopacanthus Bracteatacanthus Cacheacanthus Erymnacanthus Euryacanthus Gomphonchus Grenfellacanthus Ischnacanthus Marsdenius? Persacanthus Plectrodus Rockycampacanthus Rohonilepis Taemasacanthus Tricuspicanthus Xylacanthus Podoliacanthidae Drygantacanthus Kasperacanthus Podoliacanthus Poracanthodidae Gomphonchoporus Machaeraporus Obruchevacanthus? Poracanthodes Radioporacanthodes Taimyrolepis Trundlelepis Zemlyacanthus †Diplacanthiformes Bryantonchus Culmacanthus? Devononchus Striacanthus Tetanopsyrus Uraniacanthus Diplacanthidae Diplacanthus Milesacanthus Ptychodictyon Rhadinacanthus †Acanthodiformes Halimacanthodes Howittacanthus Acanthodidae Acanthodes Acanthodopsis Traquairichthys Cheiracanthidae Cheiracanthus Fallodentus Ginkgolepis Homalacanthus Markacanthus Mesacanthidae Lodeacanthus Melanoacanthus Mesacanthus Orcadacanthus Promesacanthus Teneracanthus? Triazeugacanthus "Climatiiformes" and related taxa †Brochoadmones †Dobunnacanthus †Fanjingshania? †Kathemacanthus †Lupopsyroides †Lupopsyrus †Obtusacanthus †Paucicanthus †Ptomacanthus †Qianodus? †Vernicomacanthus †Climatiidae Brachyacanthus Climatius Erriwacanthus Nodocosta? Parexus Sevyacanthus †Gyracanthidae Aganacanthus? Ankylacanthus Gyracanthides Gyracanthus Oracanthus? "Conventionally defined chondrichthyans" see below↓

"Conventionally defined chondrichthyans"
"Conventionally defined chondrichthyans" †Carcharopsis †Celtiberina †Gladbachus? †Gogoselachus †Karksiodus †Leonodus †Plesioselachus †Polymerolepis †Protodus †Samarodus †Shenacanthus? †Squatinactis †Antarctilamnidae Antarctilamna Wellerodus? †Mcmurdodontidae Maiseyodus Mcmurdodus †Pucapampellidae Gydoselache Pucapampella †Omalodontiformes Siberiodus Aztecodontidae Aztecodus Manberodus Omalodontidae Doliodus? Omalodus Portalodus †"Ctenacanthiformes" Neosaivodus Saivodus Sculptospina Tamiobatis Ctenacanthidae Arduodens? Cladodoides Cladodus Ctenacanthus Goodrichthys Natarapax? Troglocladodus Heslerodidae Avonacanthus Bythiacanthus Dracopristis Glencartius Glikmanius Heslerodoides Heslerodus Kaibabvenator Nanoskalmae †Jalodontidae Adamantina Isacrodus Jalodus Keuperodus Texasodus †Phoebodontidae Diademodus? Phoebodus Thrinacodus †Symmoriiformes Dwykaselachus Ferromirum Kawichthys Kungurodus? Maiseyacanthus Cladoselachidae? Cladoselache Maghriboselache Falcatidae Cosmoselachus Cretacladoides? Damocles Denaea Falcatus Ozarcus? Stethacanthulus Symmoriidae Akmonistion Cobelodus Crioselache? Stethacanthus Symmorium †Bransonelliformes Barbclabornia Bransonella †Xenacanthiformes Orthacanthus Tikiodontus Diplodoselachidae Decentrodus Diplodoselache Hagenoselache Hokomata Lebachacanthus Taquaralodus Xenacanthidae Mooreodontus Plicatodus Triodus Wurdigneria Xenacanthus Crown-Chondrichthyes Holocephali Elasmobranchii

Incertae sedis scale-based taxa

†Altholepidiformes? Altholepis Tezakia †Elegestolepidida? Kannathalepis Elegestolepididae Deltalepis Elegestolepis Ellesmereia †Mongolepidida? Solinalepis Mongolepididae Mongolepis Rongolepis Sodolepis Taklamakanolepis Teslepis Shiqianolepidae Chenolepis Shiqianolepis Tielikewatielepis Xiaohaizilepis Xinjiangichthys †Tchunacanthidae Fecundosquama Lenacanthus Tchunacanthus †Vesperaliidae Acanthacanthus Vesperalia Others †Canyonlepis? †Frigorilepis? †Funicristata †Gualepis †Ivanelepis †Jolepis †Karksilepis †Lunalepis †Nobilesquama †Nostolepis †Nostovicina †Ohiolepis †Seretolepis †Tuvalepis †Wellingtonella? †Yuanolepis

• Category