Koules Fortress

Fortress in Crete, Greece

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2009) Click [show] for important translation instructions.

View a machine-translated version of the French article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Forteresse d'Héraklion]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Forteresse d'Héraklion}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

35°20′40.7″N 25°8′12.66″E / 35.344639°N 25.1368500°E / 35.344639; 25.1368500TypeFortArea3,600 m² (39,000 sq ft)Site informationOpen to
the publicYesConditionIntactWebsitekoules.efah.grSite historyBuilt1523–1540Built byRepublic of VeniceBattles/warsSiege of Candia

The Koules (Greek: Κούλες) or Castello a Mare ("Fort on the Sea" in Italian) is a fortress located at the entrance of the old port of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. It was built by the Republic of Venice in the early 16th century, and is still in good condition today.

History

The site was possibly first fortified by the Arabs in the 9th or 10th centuries. By the second Byzantine period, a tower known as Castellum Comunis stood on the site.^[1] In 1303, the tower was destroyed in an earthquake but was repaired.^[2]

In 1462, the Venetian Senate approved a programme to improve the fortifications of Candia. Eventually, the Byzantine tower was demolished in 1523, and the Castello a Mare began to be built instead. Old ships were filled with stone, and were sunk to form a breakwater and increase the area of the platform on which the fortress was built. The fortress was completed in 1540.^[1]

In 1630, the fort was armed with 18 cannons on the ground floor, and 25 cannons on the pathway leading to the roof.^[2]

During the 21-year long Siege of Candia, Ottoman batteries easily neutralized the fort's firepower. The Ottomans eventually took the fort in 1669, after the Venetians surrendered the entire city. They did not make any major alterations to the fort, except for the additions of some battlements and embrasures. They built a small fort known as Little Koules on the landward side, but this was demolished in 1936 while the city was being "modernized".^[1]

The fortress has been restored, and it is now open to the public.^[2] Art exhibitions and cultural activities are occasionally held at the fort.^[1]

Layout

The fortress is made up of two parts: a high rectangular section, and a slightly lower semi-elliptical section. Its walls are up to 8.7m thick at some places, and it has three entrances. The fort has two stories, with a total of 26 rooms, which were originally used as barracks, a prison, storage rooms, a water reservoir, a church, a mill and a bakery.^[2]

A lighthouse tower is located on the northern part of the fort.^[3]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heraklion fort.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "The Venetian Castello a Mare in Heraklion". Explore Crete. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Koules Fortress". Heraklion-Crete.org. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^ Rowlett, Russ (2014). "Lighthouses of Greece: Crete". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 20 August 2015.