Jan Czekanowski
Jan Czekanowski | |
---|---|
Jan Czekanowski | |
Born | (1882-10-06)October 6, 1882 Głuchów, Poland |
Died | July 20, 1965(1965-07-20) (aged 82) Szczecin, Poland |
Nationality | Polish |
Alma mater | University of Zurich |
Known for | computational linguistics Czekanowski binary index |
Scientific career | |
Fields | anthropologist, statistician, ethnographer, linguist, traveller |
Institutions | University of Lviv University of Poznań |
Jan Czekanowski (October 8, 1882, Głuchów – July 20, 1965, Szczecin) was a Polish anthropologist, statistician, ethnographer, traveller, and linguist. His scientific contributions include introducing his system of racial classification and founding the field of computational linguistics.[1]
Czekanowski is known for having played an important role in saving the Polish-Lithuanian branch of the Karaite people from Holocaust extermination. In 1942, he managed to convince German "race scientists" that the Karaites were of Turkic origin although professing Judaism and using Hebrew as a liturgical language. This helped the Karaites escape the tragic destiny of other European Jews and the Romas.
Life
Czekanowski attended school in Warsaw but was transferred to Latvia, where he finished his education in 1901. He then entered a university in Zurich in 1902; there, he studied anthropology, mathematics, anatomy, and ethnography as a pupil of Swiss anthropologist Rudolf Martin, author of the popular anthropology textbook Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. In 1907 Czekanowski defended his doctoral dissertation. For his dissertation research he traveled to the Royal Museum in Berlin and to Middle Africa from 1906 to 1907. While in Africa, he led a team into the Congo to collect ethnographic materials. While working on studying the societies of Africa, he developed various statistical methods and contributed to the field of taxonomy. The research he made in Africa has since been published in five volumes and sent in 1910, to Saint Petersburg ethnography.
He then became a professor at the University of Lviv and University of Poznań. While working he introduced an innovative approach to mathematical statistics. He worked in these universities from 1913 to 1945 and in the period 1923-1924 he was a president of Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists. In addition, he worked at the University of Poznań from 1937-1946, where he researched the dynamics of evolution in human populations. He played numerous scientific roles at the University of Poznań, including vice-chairman of the Polish Social Statistic Company.
Racial classification
Czekanowski classified Europe into four pure races. The four pure races were the Nordic, Mediterranean (Ibero-Insular), Lapponoid and Armenoid. The Lapponoid included the central and eastern Europeans[which?] along Europe longitudely as well as the Sami people of Northern Europe.
Czekanowski classified six subraces in Europe which were mixed types of the pure races. The six mixed racial subraces were: the Northwestern (Nordic and Mediterranean), the Subnordic (Nordic and Lapponoid), Alpine (Nordic and Armenoid), the Littoral (Mediterranean and Armenoid), Sublapponoid (Mediterranean and Lapponoid) and the Dinaric (Lapponoid and Armenoid). The Sublapponoid subrace (also called Pile Dwelling race) lived around the Swiss lakes.[2] The Greek letters which symbolise races and types could be capital or lower case.
- Pure Races
- α =Nordic race
- ε =Ibero-Insular race
- λ =Lapponoid race
- χ =Armenoid race
- Mixed Types
- ι =Northwestern mixed type
- γ =Subnordic mixed type
- ω =Alpine mixed type
- ρ or ρ =Littoral mixed type
- β =Pile Dwelling mixed type
- δ =Dinaric mixed type
Linguistics
Czekanowski introduced numerical taxonomy into comparative linguistics, thus founding the discipline of computational linguistics.[citation needed] He developed (1913) a still much-used index of similarity between two samples. He applied it to phonemes and words in text corpora of different languages. It was later introduced in analysis of ecological communities.
Books
- Forschungen im Nil-Kongo. Zwischengebiet (1911–17)
- Zarys metod statystycznych w zastosowaniu do antropologii [An outline of statistical methods applied in anthropology]. Warszawa: Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie (1913)
- Zarys antropologii Polski (1930)
- Człowiek w czasie i przestrzeni (1934)
- Polska - Słowiańszczyzna. Perspektywy antropologiczne (1948)
- Wstęp do historii Słowian, Poznań 1957
- Człowiek w czasie i przestrzeni (third edition) (1967)
See also
References
- ^ Dariusz Piwowarczyk (15 September 2022). "Computational Approaches to Linguistic Chronology and Subgrouping". cambridge.org. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
- ^ Coon, Carleton S. The Races of Europe. Racial Classification within the White Family. August 11, 2006. <"Racial Classification within the White Family". Archived from the original on 2005-05-22. Retrieved 2006-08-24..>
External links
- Czekanowski's Diagram: a Method of Multidimensional Clustering
- v
- t
- e
- Louis Agassiz
- John Baker
- Erwin Baur
- John Beddoe
- Robert Bennett Bean
- François Bernier
- Renato Biasutti
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
- Franz Boas
- Daniel Garrison Brinton
- Paul Broca
- Alice Mossie Brues
- Halfdan Bryn
- Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
- Charles Caldwell
- Petrus Camper
- Samuel A. Cartwright
- Houston Stewart Chamberlain
- Sonia Mary Cole
- Carleton S. Coon
- Georges Cuvier
- Jan Czekanowski
- Charles Davenport
- Joseph Deniker
- Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
- Anténor Firmin
- Eugen Fischer
- Francis Galton
- Stanley Marion Garn
- Reginald Ruggles Gates
- George Gliddon
- Arthur de Gobineau
- Madison Grant
- John Grattan
- Hans F. K. Günther
- Ernst Haeckel
- Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
- Earnest Hooton
- Julian Huxley
- Thomas Henry Huxley
- Calvin Ira Kephart
- Robert Knox
- Robert E. Kuttner
- Georges Vacher de Lapouge
- Fritz Lenz
- Carl Linnaeus
- Cesare Lombroso
- Bertil Lundman
- Felix von Luschan
- Dominick McCausland
- John Mitchell
- Ashley Montagu
- Lewis H. Morgan
- Samuel George Morton
- Josiah C. Nott
- Karl Pearson
- Roger Pearson
- Oscar Peschel
- Isaac La Peyrère
- Charles Pickering
- Ludwig Hermann Plate
- Alfred Ploetz
- James Cowles Prichard
- Otto Reche
- Gustaf Retzius
- William Z. Ripley
- Alfred Rosenberg
- Benjamin Rush
- Henric Sanielevici
- Heinrich Schmidt
- Ilse Schwidetzky
- Charles Gabriel Seligman
- Giuseppe Sergi
- Samuel Stanhope Smith
- Herbert Spencer
- Morris Steggerda
- Lothrop Stoddard
- William Graham Sumner
- Thomas Griffith Taylor
- Paul Topinard
- John H. Van Evrie
- Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
- Alexander Winchell
- Ludwig Woltmann
- An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
in Different Climates (1744) - The Outline of History of Mankind (1785)
- Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question (1849)
- An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855)
- The Races of Europe (Ripley, 1899)
- The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899)
- Race Life of the Aryan Peoples (1907)
- Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911)
- Castes in India (1916)
- The Passing of the Great Race (1916)
- The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920)
- The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930)
- Annihilation of Caste (1936)
- The Races of Europe (Coon, 1939)
- An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus (1943)
- The Race Question (1950)